MENTAL PICTURE AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE


Ned Block, "Mental Pictures and Cognitive Science", in Mind And Cognition, A Reader, Basil Blackwell, Inc. Cambridge Center(1990)

NED BLOCK

1. Ӹ

ڵ ɻ Դ. ɻ ӵ ȸŰ ġ ׸ ֻϵ ӵ ֻ ɻ󺸴 ū Ȥ ʹ Ŭ 쿡 װ ġ(overflow)Ǹ ̷ ɻ ٶ ɾȿ (20) ð ִٴ ǰ ִ. κ ̷ 鿡 'Ӹ ׸' Ǿ. Ʈ ־ شٸ Ƹ 츮 κƮ ׸ ǥ ϰ ϸ ֻѴٰ иϴ. ׷ ؼ ̷ ϴ ׸ Ű ʴ´. ̴ δ 츮 ƴ γ  ׸ ߰ߵ ʾұ ̰ ٸ δ ٸ ӽð ֱ ̴. ؼϴ ΰ ذ ִµ ̵鿡 ɰ ־Դ. pictorialism ɻȰ ǥ ׸ ( ̰ ѿ ´ ׸) ǥ ȴ. ݸ װ ̹ descriptionalism ϸ ɻȰ ɻ 츮 ģ ¡ ( "̰ ѿ ¾Ҵ"ó  ǻͿ Ǵ ) ǥȴ.

ۿ γ pictorialism ȣϰ Ѵ. Ϲ pictorialism Ǵ ݹڵ װ͵ pictorialism μ  (relavance) ν pictorialism  Ұ ƴ δ. ׷ ̷ ȣ ߿ ⺻ 巯 ̷ ϴµ, ׿ ϸ ñ -ǥ(computational-representational) ܿ Ű Ģ ϰ Ǵ ü -ǥ ŭ ؾ ϴ ϴ ̶ Ѵ. ׷ pictorialist ϴ ׸ ǥ -ǥδ ϰ ʴ . װ Ű ε ٴ ƴ ̴. pictorialism 鿡 ݴϴ ƴϰ pictorial/descriptional ﵵ ᱹ п ƴϴ. ̴ װ ϰ ֱ װ 忡 ׸ ǥ ؾ Ѵٸ ׷ ǥ ٽ -ǥ ؼ ƴ϶ Űθ ̿ ߴ ͺ ٴ 巯ٴ ̱ .

2.1 ɻ ǹ

ɻ̶ ʹ ȣϿ ɻ ؼ ǹ̰ Ȯ Ѵ. 17 ε µ µ ʰ ϴ ȣ ־. 츮 ɻ ɻ Ȱ õ γ ǥ ϴ ܿ δ ɻȰ 츮 µ δ ߻ 繰 ϱ⵵ Ѵ. ׷ pictorial/descriptional £ ɻ Ӹ ׸̴ ɻ ϴ ٴ ٷ ù° ǥ̶ ƾ ̴. ̷ ص ɻ ǹ̿ ־ ' ̹' ɻ ߿ ϰ δ ׷ 繰 ȴ. ׷ ɻ ᱹ ̹ (identical) ̸ pictorialist descriptionalist ̷ Ӹ ӿ ٰ ϴ ǥ ̶ Ѵ.

2.2 ɻ

pictorialist ߴ pictorialism ƴ϶ Ǵٸ ְ ִ 찡 . ɻ ǥ ó ־ ǥ ó ϴٴ װ̴. pictorialism ̱ ̴. ־ ǥ ɻȰ ־ ǥ ̶ ص pictorial descriptional ̶ ֱ ̴. ڸ ־ ٹ̴ 缱 ٹ̺ ȴ. ̰ '缱 ȿ' θµ ȿ ڵ鿡 ٹ ǰ 缱 ٹ ־ ٹ ξ ָ 踦 Ѵ. ׷ Ե ȿ ٹǰ 缱 ٹ Ǿ. ̷ 츮 ɻȰ ǥ ǰ óȴٴ û ش. ׷ ڿ ǥ pictorialϴٴ descriptionalϴٴ ؼ ִ ٰ . 츮 ̰ ΰ ϳ ϳ Ǯ ִ ƴ ̴.

2.3 ɻ

'Ӹ ׸' ̷ 츮 Ѵٴ մ. 츮 츮 θ 鿩 츮 ɻ ġ ׸ ٴ ̴. 鵵 ̷ Ǵܵ ϴ ó δ. 츮 ׷ Ǵ ϴ ٰ Ϻδ Ƹ ǥ ̴. " ͵ ɻ pictorialմϴ. ɻ ұ . ٸ Ӹ ӿ ְ ٴϴ ."

׷ ̰ ߸ ߷̴. ̷ ߷Ѵٸ ɻ ƴ϶ ư ڽŰ Ƿ ɻ ̶ ؾ ̴. ߷п ߸Ǿ? x y ȴٸ װ x y 缺 ִ. ׷ װ ڽſ . x ׸ y ִ ̴. 鿡 ̶ ãƺ ƹ м ִµ ƹ ϰ ִ Ű, Ű Կ ߾˷ ̶ ̴. ɻ ϴ İ Ǵ ϴ 缺 װ͵ 缺 ƴ϶ ڽŰ õ  ִ. װ ǥϴ İ װ ǥϴ , װ ǥϴ ĵ ٰ ϸ ̴.

츮 Ǹ ؾ , ־ ɻȰ ־ ǥ ϴٴ Ϳ ŵ 츮 ִٴ ǻ . ϴ Ͱ ǥ ִٴ ȴ. ̰ ɻ ̴ ̴. ׷ ̰ ǥ pictorial descriptional ؼ ƹ û絵 ʴ´.

3.1 ڷ 翡 ݴ(no seeum objection)

ɻ ׸̶ 忡 ܵ ݴ Ƹ 츮 γ  ׸ ߰ ٴ ̴. ̰ ڷ ݴ̴. ߸ ϱ 켱 ̷ ݴ밡 п pictorialism ̶̹ descriptionalism ؼ ش . ϴ. 츮  descriptional ǥ ˾ƺ ؼ ǥ ִ ̾ Ӹ ƴ϶ 츮 ǥ ü ý ˰ ־ Ѵ.  Ӹī 500ܾ ޼ ϵ ȣȭؼ ̹ߵǾ KGB å  ̹߻翡 ִٰ . ȣü踦 A Ӹī ƹ ޼ ߰ ߴ ص Ӹī descriptional ǥ ϴٴ ̴. ېA ٽ ̿ descriptionalismӸ ƴ϶ pictorialism ȣϴ ִٴ ִ.  ǥ ǥϴ װ  ǥϴ ǥü迡 ǥ  ϴ° ޷ ִٴ ̴. ׸ Ǵ  ٸ Դ ִ. ݴ ڵ ߴ  ¡ ׸̾ 쵵 ִ. ̷  ⸸ ϴ δ װ pictorial ǥ descriptional ǥ ؼ, װ ǥ ƴ ؼ Ȯְ . ̰ ˷ մ  ϴ Ȯؾ Ѵ. ׷ ϰԵ 츮 γ  ϴ Ѵ. 鿩 ͸  ǥ ȴٴ . װ  ǥ ȴٴ Ұ ̴.

̻󿡼 pictorialism ϴ 'Ӹ ׸'̶ ܼ ׸ó ְ descriptionalism ϴ Ӹ descriptional ܼ . ׷ٸ ǥ  е ̴. Ϲ ׸ ǥ ̴. 1)  ׸ ǥ 繰 S ٸ ּ ǥ κ 繰 S κ ǥ ־ Ѵ. 2)S е ǥ κ ü ̿ ־ Ѵ. и descriptional ǥ Ѵ. ׷ ǿ ִ. 켱 ǽ . '׸'̶ ŭ̳ Ǵٸ Ų. ׷ ٵ ̰  ǥμ Ӽ ü ǥü迡 װ ҿ Ѵٴ ռ 캻 ƹ͵ ִ . ׷ ̰ ü "κ", "ǥϴ" ƹ ϰ ִ.

׷ٸ ǥ pictorial descriptional ϴ ü  װ ҿ Ѵٴ ΰ? װ  ؾ 𸣰ڴ. ν ̶ ֵ ϰڴ.

׸, ϳ ǻͿ ԷµǴ . nŭ (matrix) ִٰ . 𴫵 ų ִ. 𴫵 n ǵ ָ 츮 ǥ ̴. ޷ó ϰḭ̆ Ϸùȣ Ű 츮 ǥ ϴ (1 . 2 , 9 , 16 , ) ǥ ִ. = 츮 γ ǥ ̿ ϴ descriptional ǥ ̶ ̴. ݸ pictorialism γ ǥ ü ϰ ִ. ǥ  ɿ ־ ̸ ϱ? 츮 ȸŲٰ . descriptional ǥ ù° ״ ΰ +1, +2, +3 ĭ Ű ϸ ̴.( 1 . 2 . 10 , 18 . ) ߿ ǻͰ ȸŰ Ŀ ڸ ʿ ڿ 迭 ʿ ʴٴ . ٸ ڸ ̴. ǻ ο ǥ 迭 ʰ ̳ 迭 ̴.

̻󿡼 descriptional ǥ ˱ ǻ ǥ 캸Ҵ. pictorial ǥ óϴ ? 츮 ׷ 踦 ϱ Ű ̳ . 츮 ̶ п ǥ ǥȴ . Ÿ ǥѴ. ׷  ϰ ƴٰ . ̰ Ÿ ̴. п ־ 0 10 δٰ . ̰ ̰ 10 Ÿ ̴. ̷ ǥ  ȸ ? 帣 ϵ ȸΰ ȴٸ ׿ е ġ ¿ ݽð ȸ ̴. ⼭ ̰ ̴ ƴ ִ. ̿ ̰ ִٴ ͸ ɰϰ ޾Ƶ Ѵ.

3.2 Ģ ٰ ݴ

ɻ pictorialϴٴ ϰ װ ڶ ġ ִ. ɽ Ϸ ȣϴ  Ʈ "ɻ ̰ ¿ ϴٸ Ģ γ µ ̾ ʴ°?" 忡 ɽ Ϸ ɻ ϴ ƴ϶ ٸ ɻ ϰ ִٶ ϰ ִ. ׷ ڵ Ʈ ̷ ҽǷ(disapearance theory) ذå ̵ ɻ ڰ ƴ϶ Ѵٸ װ Ӹ ׸ ̴. pictorialism ̰ų ׷ ǹ̿ ɻ ̴. pictorialist ű⿡ ġ ʰ װ ǹϴ ٸ 濡 ɻ Ѵٰ ϰ ִ ̴. pictorialist ǹϴ ɻ ƴ϶ص װ ɻ̶ θ ִ Ű ɻ Ư 繰 Ͽ Ӽ ̱ ̴. ׷ ǥ( Ǹ ) ϻ ٷ ׵ ׷ȵ ġ Ӽ ѵ òٵ, high pitchedϴٶ ǥѴ. ̷ κ ɻ ̶ ϴ ͵ ׸ ȴ.

Ģ ݴ뿡 ̷ ϴ ͵ ϱ ϴ. ׷ ̷ pictorialism δ(literally) ߸ ϰ ִ. ݸ ִ. ɻ .

1) The pain is in my fingertip.

2) The fingertip is in my mouth.

3) Therefore, the pain is in my mouth.

in ѷ(enclosure) ǹ Ÿϴ. in ǹ̴ ̱ ̴. ϰ ֵ . in ġ 쿡 Ϲ ѷ ǹ ʹ ٸ ǹ̻ ü ̸ δٰ ̴. ϴ ٴ " "̶ װ Ͽ  ǹ̸ ϰ ִٸ װ ɻ ٸ ǹ̸ ´ٴ ̴. ̷ Ǽ Ÿ ɸ "nude" "painting tress" ִ. "nude" ǥ ǥ ̶ Ǹ ϰ ִ. "painting tress" ׸ٴ Ͱ Ʈ ĥѴٴ ǹ̸ ִ. ó Ǽ ٰϿ Ģ ݴ븦 ϴ , ɻ̶ ε ߸ ƴ϶ ϴ ̹Ƿ ù° ̰ ִ. ׷ ̵ ̵ ϰ ִٴ ġϰ ִ. 1) ɻ ӿ ִ ǥϰ ִٸ ̵ ̷ ǥ 뼺 ϴ  Ű Ӽ ִ. 2) ̹μ Ӽ װ γ ǥ , ̹μ Ӽ װ͵ ǥ Ű Ӽ ̿ 谡 ִ.

ݱ ƴ϶ pictorialism õ Ǹ Դ. ʹ ǥ ó ⺻ , ̸ pictorialism ص п ؼ ı ǹ̸ ϰڴ.

3.3 δ ʿ信 ݴ(paraphernalia objection)

Űڵ ϰ γǥ  κ ڿܼ Ʒ ߾ ħ ã 'Ӹ ׸' ãƳ´ٰ ѹ . Ͼ ׸ ͵ ̴. ߰ ռ ' ' ݴ볪 ' Ģ ݴ' ϰſ ݹ ̴. ׷ װ 츮 ο Ұ ? ׷ иϴ. Ӹ ׸ Ѵ ص װ ִ ٸ 츮 ɻȰ . 迡 ɻ ȸ Ҵ. ׷ٸ Ӹ ƴ϶ յ ־ Ѵ. ׸ ΰ δ ο ̹Ƿ ׸ ־ Ѵ. ̷ Ӹ ׸ , ǻ δ ʰ ƹ ͵ Ѵ. ߸Ǿٴ ܿ ࿡ ɼ ִ.

̻ δ뵵 ʿ信 ٰ ݴ ̴. ̿ ؼ Ģ ݴ뿡 ߴ ݹϴ ͵ ̴. ɻ Ǵ "ȸѴ", " Ѵ" ǥ 츮 ⸦ ų ֻ ǹ̿ʹ ٸٴ ϴ ̴. ׷ δ ʿ ݴ pictorialismӸ ƴ϶ descriptionalism ؼ ִ. 츮 ǥ Ϸ װ , ڸ Ǯ ʿϴٴ ̴. ̰ ó ܺ ٸ ǹ̿ ȴٰ ϸ ̴. ׷ pictorialism descriptionalism ȣ ִ ڴ. ⺻ ΰ ϰ ִ. ΰ ؾ Ѵٰ ʴ´. 'δ ʿ ݴ' ̷ descriptionalism ȣϱ ִٸ Ȱ pictorialism 쿡 ִٴ , 'δ ʿ ݴ' pictorial/descriptional £ ϴٴ ̴. ׸ ư 'δ ʿ ݴ' ϴ ӿ ü Ѱ谡 ȴٴ ̴.

ù° 츮 Ű (׷ ٸ ε ִ) ü ü ȣȭǾ ּ ׵ 츮 ģ ڿ ΰ ü踦 ִٴ ̴. ű⿡ ѵ ĺ ̸ ̷κ ձ ܾ, ̴. ܾ, ǹ̸ ְ ǹ̴ ܾ ǹ + syntax ȴ. ̷ descripitional ǥ ϰ ִ. ׷ ׷ٰ װ pictorial ǥ 縦 źؾ ʿ . pictorial/descriptionalﵵ ̶ ̴.

ι° ¡ Ǵ װ Ӽ (Ű ) óڵ ִٴ ̴. ǹ̸ ϰ ִ ص װ Ӽ ݿǾ ʴٸ ̵ óڴ װ ȴ. ̿ ǥ ǥ ڸ ΰ ϴ , ΰ Ʋ, ǥ ϰ ȯϰ μ ȣۿϴ ΰ Ʈ , ΰ ٸ ΰ ׵ ǥ Ʈ üϿ ħ ü ý ǥ ̶ ؼ ƴ϶ Ű Ŀ ؼ Ǵ óڵ ϵ ̴. ۾ ϼ ᱹ, ǥ ۿ ؼ ƴ϶ ڿ Ģ ٰ Ģ Ǿ ִ ׷ ΰ ߰ϴ Ͽ ޷ ִٰ ִ.( ٴ óڸ ' ó' .)

ִ ⺻ ؼ 뷫 Ҵ. ׷ 'δ뵵 ʿ ݴ' ư . 켱 ֿϴ ǻͿ ־  descriptional ǥ ̳ ٷ ָ . ־ ȴ. ׸  ȴ. ǻͰ n ϱ m  ϴ° "n ڽſ m ŭ Ѵ" ̴. װ a b  ϴ° ̷ ˰ Ұϴ. ؼ Ǵ ī ؼ Ģ . ǻͰ  ϴ ϴµ ̸ -ǥ ̶ ٴ 巯 ̴. װ Ģθ ִ. ׷ ̷ -ǥ Ģ ׻ и ƴϴ. ȣϴ. ׷ ⼭ ߿ ñδ Ģ Ǿ óڿ ǰ ִٴ ̴. ΰ 쿡 ǻͿ ϰ ȣۿϴ óڵ Ʈ ص ִ óڵ Ѵ. ׸ 쿡 óڵ Űп ؼ Ģθ ִ. ̵ óڿ ̸ ν ̻ ӵ ̴.

Ҵٽ desriptionalism ǥ  ó ִ ν ִ. 츮 ó Ƿ , ʿ ʴ ̴. ׷ pictorial ǥ ٷٰ ִ. ǰ ó δ Ģ Ǵ ī ̷ Ǿ ֱ ̴. 'δ ʿ ݴ' ϴµ ־ descriptionalism pictorialism ġ ִ ̴. ϴ ǻ 𵨵  ǥ descriptionalϰ ó ִ ؼ Ͻø ְ ׸ ǥ ó ؼ ׷ Ͻ ϱ ̴.

3.4 Ŀ ݴ

Hurbert Dreyfus װ ϰ ִ ǥ з ߴ. ⺻ ̵ ֱٿ Searle Ǿ Դ. Herbert Dreyfus Searle ϸ  ϱ ؼ Ǿ ־ Ѵ. ׷ ̵ ̶ ϴ ǥ Ϻ ޵ . ù° 츮 ؾ ؾ Ѵٴ ִ. 츮 dz ؾ Ѵ . dz ü  ſ Ϲ ǵ ڿ ϰ ΰ ΰ  ϰ ִ. Ӹ ƴ϶ ư װ Ǯ ڶ ̴, Ǯ Į ϴ, Ǯ Ƹ ʴ´ Ϻ ǵ鿡 ϰ ִ. ̷ Ұ ѵ ǥ ǥϴ Ұϴ. ° ׷ ̷ ǥϷ ¿ ٸ ̳ ܾ ؾ ϴµ ̶ ٸ ٸ տ ۿ ٴ ̴. ° ̷ ǥ ȭ ִص ǥ ȭ ϸ μ ϰ ־ ٴ ̴.

̻ 鿡 ٰؼ Herbert Dreyfus Searle ݴ . 1) 츮 츮 γ ӿ ǥ ȣȭ ִٰ Ѵ. 2) 츮 ̷ ȣȭ . 3) ׷Ƿ Ǿ ִ. 2) ٰŰ õǾ Ѵ. μο ϴ ϴ ǥ ɼ ƹ ̴. ׷ ⼭ ݷ ǥ 1)̹Ƿ 2) ؼ ʰڴ. 1)ó 츮 ǥ Ȯ (explicitly) ȣȭȴٰ ʴ´. װ ϴ ʿ ϰ ִ. и ֱ syntactic twins . syntactic twins ó ϰ 鿡 ΰ 踦 Ѵ. α׷ Ʋ ǻʹ syntactic twins ִ. ׷ 츮 ׵ ǻ óڵ Լ ٲپ ´ ص ׵ syntactic twins ̴. õ Ͽ 츮 踦 ְ Ǿٰ . δ 谡 鿡 Ȱ . ׷ ó Լ ٲپ ´ٰ ϸ ̷ syntactics , ޸ ϰų ƴϸ ο Ÿ ̴. ̷ Ÿ syntactics ִ. Dreyfus ݴ п Ű ִ ̴.

ݸ鿡 Lews Carroll Quine ǥ ƴ ó ߿ (implicitly) ־. 谡 Ȯ modus ponens ǥ ִٰ .

1) ̷̷ A̴.

2) A B̴.

: 3) ̷̷ B̴.

谡 ִ modus ponens ߷ ʰ Ȯ ǥ Ģ Ǵ ƴϴ. ֳϸ Ȯ ǥ ߷ Ģ ü modus ponens߷ ֱ ̴. ũ׽ ̴. ״ . ׷Ƿ : ũ׽ ״´ ߷п Ģ Ǵ . Ģ ϱ ؼ 켱 óؾ Ģ ؾ üũؾ Ѵ.( 1) شϴ ܰ) ° ٸ װͿ ϴ ִٴ ̴( 2) شϴ ). ׸ ( 3) شϴ ܰ). 츮 modus ponens Ģ Ȯ ǥ ýۿ ־ Ϲ modus ponens ȿ ְ ִ.

4.1 ǻ

տ ó Ϻ óڿ Ϲ ߴ. ̰ Ŀ ݴ븦 ְ ش. ׷ 񰡸 ġ Ѵ. 츮 ̷ Ǿ ϴ ŭ ٽ ϴ ٰ Ǵ ̴. ռ ǿ ϸ óڴ Ģθ ִ óڸ Ѵ. ׷ٸ óڶ "Ƴα" پ ǹ ǹ̿ Ƴα ġ(device) ִ. ڵ Ƴα׿ Ż ̰ ũ ΰǾ Դ. ׵ п ַ Ż ó Ѵٴ ߵǰ . ׷ 츮 ռ ҵ ̶ ü Ƴα ó ȣ ̴ . ֳϸ ٷ Ƴα óڵ Ż óڵ ʸ ̷ ֱ ̴. ó Ƴα ó Ż ó ڸ ؾ Ѵٴ ϴ ϰ ڿ Ƴα ó п 󸶸ŭ ߿伺 ϴ° ϴ ̴. ȣڵ( Pylyshyn ) δ ׸ ǥ âڵ鿡 ִٰ Ѵ. ׷ ⼭ Ƴα ó ü ̸ ǰ ִ. ǻ ؼ ̽ ִ ٸ Ƴα ó 󸶸ŭ ؾ ϴ° ϴ ̴. ̷ δ̶ ſ ݰ . ׷ е ׵ 츮 ȯ ̿ϰ ߰ ߴٰ . ǻ ֵǴ ڵ ̰ ϱ Ƹ ĵ ǥ ĵ Ǯ ִ ġ  Ž ̴. ׷ ׵ ߸ϰ ִ. ġ δ ͳ ġ ׷ ܼ ִ ̴. ٸ ٹ ü ؼϸ ̴ Ű ī ãƺ ̴. ǻ ɼ ο pictorial/descriptional ִ ߿伺 巯 ̴. ǻ descriptional ǥ ڿ յǰ ִ. ׷ ǻ  pictorial ǥ ٷ Һиϴ. ġ(overlap) pictorial ڷ ó õ ̴. ׷ ̷ õ 簡 ִ ⿡ ̻ ٴ ̴. ⼭ ޸ (couch) ׸ ٸ ޸ ׸ٴ Ѹ ٴ . ̿ pictorial ǥ ϴ ó ְ ִ. ڵ pictorial ǥ ֱ óڵ Ѵٴ ϴ ƴϴ. ٸ ׸ ǥ ٷ Ƴα ó ǻ âڵ ϴ ͺ Ѵٴ ϴ ̴. α ־ ʰ ݻ ٴڳ ̴. ̻ ΰ ɼ ɰϰ ޾Ƶ̴ ϰ ִ. ù°, ɻ pictorial ִٴ Ͱ °, pictorial ǥ ̿ ǥ Ե ó 츮 Ȱ ߿ κ ϰ ִٴ ̴.

ɼ ̶ ص ̴. װ 󸶸ŭ ΰ ϴ ׸ ڷḦ ٷ Ż ó 󸶸ŭ Ϳ ޷ ̴. ̻ ̴. ݸ鿡 Ƴα ó ֺ Ȱ ԵǾ ְ װ ü ó ߽ Ǵ descriptional ýۿ ٷ ׷ 쵵 ִ. ƹ ó ʴ´. Dreyfus Haugeland Żϰ Ϸ ߴ κ Ƴα ߴ. ׷ ׵ 츮 츮 ϴ ó Ƴαϸ ġ ʾҴ. ״ ɻȰ п ִ п ־  ߿ ʾҴ ̴.

4.2 '׸' ǹ̿ ʷα

ɻ Ӹ ׸̶ '׸' ǹ̰ ׸ ǹ̿ յǴ° ƴϸ װ Ȯ ΰ ǻ . ٸ 䱸 ϴ ɻ ٷ ó -ǥ ؼ ȵ ׷ ƴ϶ ɻ ׸ ٰ ϴ ̴. "Ƴα" "׸" ǥ ƴϰ ٸ Ϸ ֱ⿡ Ƴα׶ ǥ ϴ ʾҴ. ׷ п ؼ "׸" "Ƴα" ص ̴. pictorialism ȣϴ ؼ "׸"̶ а ϴ ε . ٸ װ pictorialism ȣϱ Ǵ "׸"̶ ȣϴٴ ̴. ּ ׷ ȣ ణ̳ ϰ ⸦ Ѵ. pictorialϴٴ Ϳ Ȯ ̴. ̷ ȣ̶ 鿡 descriptionalism ξ ġ ִ. ׵ descriptional ǥ ġ ׵ ϴ "descriptional" ǹ̸ ֱ ̴. ݸ pictorialism ǥ  ϴٴ δ. ׷ pictorialism ȣϱ 츮 װ ؼ ϴ ߸ ̴. ֳϸ װ ִ ʰ װ п ־ ǻ Ÿ缺 ֱ ̴.