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³í¸® ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇ(Logical Positivism)


 

¨ç Verifiability theory of meaning (³í¸®½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÇÙ½É)ÀÌ °íÀüÀûÀÎ ÇüÅ·ΠTractatus¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡. Tractatus¸¦ ¼º°æó·³ ¹Þµê.

- Â÷ÀÌ :

¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ» ±¸ºÐ.

¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº º¸¿©ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿ä. ±× °æ°è¼± ¹Û¿¡´Â ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÁö¸¸ º¸¿©ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

Meaningful°ú meaningless¸¦ ±¸ºÐ. ±× °æ°è¼± ¹Û¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¾ø´Ù.

ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀº ºÎÁ¤. ºñü°èÀûÀÎ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀº ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ Áß¿ä.

¨è logical empiricism, scientific empiricism

A. … ÀÌ ±Û¿¡¼­ º¸´Ù½ÃÇÇ °úÇÐ, ³í¸®, °æÇè·ÐÀÌ ³í¸® ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿ì»ó.

ÀÌ ´ç½Ã¸¸ Çصµ science´Â ±Í³³¹ý »ç¿ë, °úÇаú°æÇè·ÐÀº ¶¿ ¼ö ¾ø´Â µ¿ÁöÀÇ °ü°è, logic°ú science(empiricism) »çÀÌÀÇ ¹Ù¸¥ °ü°è¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹®Á¦.

ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ °æÇè·ÐÀÚµéÀº À̸¦ J.S. Mill ³í¸®ÇÐÀû ¸íÁ¦´Â °æÇèÀÇ ÀϹÝÈ­¿Í °°ÀÌ ¼³¸í.

ÀÌ°ÍÀº ³í¸®ÇÐÀÚµé·Î¼­´Â ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱⠾î·Á¿ò.

ÀÌ ¶§ ºñÆ®°Õ½´Å¸ÀÎÀÌ, ³í¸®ÀûÀÎ ¸íÁ¦´Â ÀüºÎ Tautoology ¾Æ´Ï¸é ContradictionÀ¸·Î ÇÙ½ÉÀû ÀÎ ºÎºÐÀ» ÇØ°áÇÔ.

B. ³í¸® ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé,

ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â ¸íÁ¦´Â µÎ°¡Áö·Î ºÐ·ùµÊ.

¨ç analytic statement ¡Ø veritas de keison (Leibniz)

relations of ideas (Hume)

¸íÁ¦ÀÇ Çü½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ÁøÀ§ °áÁ¤

¼¼°Ô¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾Æ¹«·± Á¤º¸µµ Á¦°øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

¨è synthetic statement ¡Ø veritas des faits

matters of facts (Hume)

°¨°¢ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­

Âü, °ÅÁþ °áÁ¤ → ¼¼°è°¡ ¾î¶»´Ù¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸.

¸íÁ¦¸¦ ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ¸é ¸ð¼øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í °ÅÁþ.

ÀνÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â(cognitively meaningful) ¸íÁ¦´Â "Á¾ÇÕ¸íÁ¦" »Ó.

¾î¶² Á¶°ÇÀÌ ÃæÁ·µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ Á¾ÇÕ¸íÁ¦°¡ ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â ¸íÁ¦°¡ µÇ´Â°¡?

→ ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ VerifiabilityÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ¹°À½.

¨é 1920³â´ë Ãʹݿ¡ ½ÃÀÛ. 1935³â Á߹ݱîÁö ¼­¾ç öÇÐÀ» Áö¹è

1922³â Vienna ´ëÇп¡ Moritz SchlickÀÌ Ã¶Çб³¼ö·Î ºÎÀÓ.

ÀÚ¿¬°íÇÐ, »çȸ°úÇÐ, ¼öÇÐ, öÇÐÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±× ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ¸ð¿© CircleÀ» ÀÌ·ë→Der Wiener Kreis

R. Carnap, Waismann, Otto Neurath.

Berlin ´ëÇÐÀÇ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ³ªÁß¿¡ À̵鿡 °¡´ã.

h. Reichenbach, H. Feigl, C. Hempel.

1936³â Moritz SchlickÀÌ ¼ö»ç¿´´ø Á¦ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¾Ï»ìµÊ. ´ç½Ã Wien¿¡¼­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú°°ÀÌ Çؼ® : StandalÀÇ ¼Ò¼³Ã³·³ Àû°ú ÈæÀÇ ´ë°á·Î.

1936³â Hitler Áý±Ç. 1Â÷ ´ëÀü ÀÌÈÄ ¼Ò±¹ÀÌ µÈ ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ´Â µ¶ÀÏ ´ç½Ã ¿ÀÁö¸®ÀÇ ÁöÀû ¼¼°è ¸¦ À¯ÅÂÀÎÀÌ Àå¾Ç,

¹®ÇÐ, ¿¹¼ú¿¡ À־´Â Ç¥ÇöÁÖÀÇ µî, ÀüÅë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àü¸éÀûÀÎ °ÅºÎ¿Í ¹Ý¹ßÀÌ ÁöÀû ¼¼°è¸¦ dz ¹Ì. À̵鿡 ÀÇÇؼ­ ³í¸® ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇ°¡ ȯ¿µ¹Þ°í ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Áü.

Âü°í¼­Àû >>

A.J.Ayer, "Language, Truth & Logic", 1936

V. Kraft, "Der Wiener Kreis", 1950

H. Reichenbach, "The rise of scientific philosophy", 1951

J. Weinber, "An examination of L.P"

A.J.Ayer, ed. "Logical Positivism", 1959

A. ÀνÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â ¹®ÀåÀÌ µÇ±â À§ÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀº? ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀÌ Àǹ̰ËÁõ·Ð.

10CÀÇ ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ ¿¬°ü°ü°è.

Auguiste Conte, J.S. Mill µî°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÀνÄÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº °æÇèÀûÀÌ°í °úÇÐÀû ÀÎ °Í → ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀº ÀνķÐ.

³í¸® ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇ´Â ¿©±â¿¡ Àǹ̷ÐÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀå(Àǹ̰ËÁõ·Ð0À» ºÎ°¡.

°æÇèÀûÀÎ °Í¸¸ÀÌ ÀνÄÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¹«ÀǹÌÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡.

³í¸® ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇ´Â Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ ¼º°Ý - ÀüÅëÀûÀΠöÇÐÀ» Àü¸é ºÎÁ¤.

B. Àǹ̰ËÁõ·ÐÀ̶õ?

ÀνÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÀǹÌÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̳Ä? ±× Á¶°ÇÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̳Ä?

¨ç ÃʱâÀÇ strong verification theory.

S¶õ ¹®ÀåÀÌ ÀǹÌÀÖ°Ô µÇ±â À§Çؼ­´Â,

I) direct reports of sense experiece.

ii) meaning of S is methhod of verification.

ÀÌ ¶§ I)Àº meaningfulness, significanceÀÇ Á¶°Ç.

ii)˼ meaning.

±×·±µ¥ ii)´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹®Àå¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇÁö¸¸ º¹ÀâÇØÁö¸¸ Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ Á¡Â÷·Î ii)´Â Â÷Â÷ »ç¶óÁö°í, °ËÁõ·ÐÀ̶õ I)¸¸ À¯ÀǹÌÀÇ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î¼­¸¸.

i),ii)°øÅëÀ¸·Î semantic condition = ¼Ò°Ü¼Ò condition = °¨°¢ÀûÀÎ °æÇè.

ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº strong theory¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, °ú°Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø¼úÀº ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ¹èÁ¦, µµÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ °¨°¢ÀûÀÎ °æÇè ¿ª½Ã ¹®Á¦°¡ µÊ. ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø¼úÀº ¹èÁ¦µÊ. ±×·¡¼­ ¼öÁ¤µ· ÀÔÀåÀÌ´Ù À½.

→ ÇϳªÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀÌ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀ» ¸¸Á·ÇÒ ¶§ À¯ÀǹÌ.

(1) ºÐ¼®ÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í, (2)À¯ÇÑ(finite)ÇÏ°í ³í¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ÇÕÀûÀÎ °üÂû ¹®ÀåÀÇ ÁýÇÕÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³í ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î µµÃâµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¶§,

A sentence S is cognitively meaningful, iff S is not analytic and S follows logically from some finite and logically consistent class of observation sentences.

¹®Á¦)

<1> À¯ÇÑÀûÀÎ ´ÜĪ ¸éÁ¦µéÀÇ ÁýÇÕÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀüĪ¸íÁ¦¸¦ ³í¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î µµÃâÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. Áï, Àü Ī ¸íÁ¦´Â strong verification¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ °ËÁõÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½. → Àǹ̰¡¾øÀ½. ±×·±µ¥ , ³í¸®½ÇÁõ ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ¿ì»óÀÎ °úÇÐÀÇ ¸íÁ¦µéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ÀüĪ ¸íÁ¦.

<2> strong verificatio¿¡ µû¸£¸é, existential statement°¡ ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â ¹®ÀåÀÇ prototype, ±×·± µ¥ ³í¸®Çп¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÇϳªÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀÌ ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ̸é, ±× ¸íÁ¦ÀÇ ºÎÁ¤µµ ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â ¹®ÀåÀÌ µÇ ¾î¾ß Çϴµ¥, existential statementÀÇ ºÎÁ¤Àº universal statement. ÀÌ°ÍÀº strong verification¿¡ µû¸£¸é °ËÁõÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

(2) ÀÌ ´ë¾ÈÀ¸·Î Popper´Â ¡ºLogik der Forschung¡», 1936. Falisifiability.

¡Ø ±×·±µ¥ Popper´Â Àǹ̷п¡ ´ëÇØ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀå. falsifiabilityµµ Àǹ̷п¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ³ª¿Â °Í ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °úÇаú »çÀ̺ñ°úÇÐÀÇ demarcationÀ¸·Î.

Falsifiability.

"A sentence S is cognitively menaingful, iff its denial(∼S) is not analytic and follows logically from some finite and logically consistent class of observation sentences."

ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¸ðµç ÀüĪ ¸íÁ¦´Â À¯ÀǹÌ.

: verifiability ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ±×´ë·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̸é, ÀÚ¿¬ °úÇÐÀÇ °¡´É¼º ÀÚü°¡ ¾ø¾îÁö´Âµ¥, Falsifiability ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̸é, À̸¦ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ (x)Fx→(∃x)∼Fx. ← ³í¸®ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ À§¹è.

 

(3) A.J.Ayer, ¡ºLanguage, truth and logic¡», 1936.

weak verification theory.

ÇϳªÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Á¶°ÇÀ» ÃæÁ·ÇÒ ¶§ À¯ÀǹÌ.

ÀûÀýÇÑ º¸Á¶°¡¼³°ú ÇÔ²² S·ÎºÎÅÍ, ÀûÀýÇÑ º¸Á¶°¡¼³·ÎºÎÅ͸¸ µµÃâÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °üÂû ¸íÁ¦¸¦ µµ ÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¶§.

A Sentence S has empirical import if from S in conjunction with suitable susidiary hypothesis it is possible to derive observation sentences which are not derivable from the subsidiary hypothesis alone.

¿¹) If S(´ºÅÏÀÇ 2¹ýÄ¢) is right, Ball will continue to roll.

This ball is continuing to roll.

¹®Á¦) ÀûÀýÇÑ º¸Á¶°¡¼³ …… À§¿Í °°Àº º¸Á¶°¡¼³Àº observation sentence¶ó¼­ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾øÁö ¸¸, º¸Á¶°¡¼³ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ¿Â°® ¹®ÀåÀÌ(°ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹®ÀåÀÌ) ÀǹÌÀÖ°Ô µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Àý´ëÀÚ´Â ¿ÏÀüÇÏ´Ù.(The Absolute is perfect).

S.H. : If the Absolute is perfect, then the apple is red.)

Modus Ponens¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ the apple is red¶ó´Â °üÂû ¸íÁ¦°¡ µµÃâµÊ. µû¶ó¼­ ¡¸Àý´ëÀÚ´Â ¿ÏÀü ÇÏ´Ù¡¹¶ó´Â °üÂû ¸íÁ¦°¡ µµÃâµÊ. µû¶ó¼­ ¡¸Àý´ëÀÚ´Â ¿ÏÀüÇÏ´Ù¡¹¶õ ¹®ÀåÀº À¯ÀǹÌÇÑ ¹®Àå.

→ 1930³â´ë¿¡ ³í¸® ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ÀïÁ¡ÀÌ µÊ.

 

(4) CarnapÀÌ »õ·Î¿î Á¦¾È. 1936-37. Translatability and Meaning.

¹®Àå SÀÇ À¯Àǹ̼º °ËÁõ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ °­ÇÑ °ÍÀÌµç ¾àÇÑ °ÍÀ̵ç, falisifiability´Â »ó°ü¾øÀÌ °æÇè ÀûÀÎ ¾ð¾î(Empiricist Language) LÀ» Çϳª ¸¸µéÀÚ.

I) observation predicates ii) Logical Locutions.

iii) rules of transformation.

ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ Àΰø¾ð¾î¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î¼­

¾î¶² ¹®Àå SÀÇ À¯Àǹ̼ºÀ» °æÇèÀûÀÎ ¾ð¾î S·Î ¹ø¿ªÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´À³Ä ¾ø´À³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó °áÁ¤ÇÏÀÚ.

¾ÕÀÇ ¹®Àå The Absolute is perfectÀÇ Absolute´Â °æÇèÀûÀÎ ¾ð¾î°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ï±î, À¯ÀǹÌÇÑ ¹®Àå Àº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

¾î¶² ¸é¿¡¼­ ¾ÕÀÇ Á¦¾ÈµéÀÇ ³­Á¡À» ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸,

¹®Á¦) <1> ¿Ö ÇÏÇÊÀÌ¸é °æÇèÀûÀÎ ¾ð¾î³Ä?

- ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ´ç¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Á®¼­ Àû¾îµµ ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

<2> energy, temparature, intelligence.

observation predicate´Â Ãä´Ù, ´þ´Ù µîÀÌÁö, temparature´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀÇÁø ¼úü°èÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀÎ theoretical constructs(ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÎ ±¸¼º¹°)À» ¾î¶»°Ô °æÇèÀûÀÎ ¾ð¾î L·Î ¹ø¿ª Çϴ°¡?

<3> ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀÇ Áø¼úü°è¸¦ º¸¸é, ¼ºÇâÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Ç¥Çö(disposition terms)ÀÌ ¸¹´Ù. À¯¿¬¼º ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ºÎ·¯Áö±â ½±´Ù µî.

¿ª½Ã °üÂûÀûÀÎ ¼ú¾î¸¸ °¡Áö°í ¹ø¿ªÇϱⰡ ½±Áö ¾Ê´Ù.

¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹ø¿ª.

T(x)=C iff the following condition is not.

If thermometer is in contact with x, then it registers 30¡É on its scale.

±×·¯³ª ¿©±â¼­µµ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

<1> À§ÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀº P⊃QÀÇ ²Ã. µû¶ó¼­ Àü°ÇÀÌ °ÅÁþÀ̸é, ÈÄ°ÇÀÇ Âü, °ÅÁþ¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ Àüü ¹®ÀåÀº Âü.

¹Ý»ç½ÇÀû °¡Á¤ÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¾È°í ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦°¡ ±×´ë·Î Àû¿ë.

ÀÌ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÌ°Ú´À³Ä? → µÎ°¡Áö Á¦¾È.

a. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀºµ¥, ¸¸¾à ¿Âµµ°è°¡ x¿Í Á¢ÃËÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é, 30¡É¸¦ °¡¸®Å²´Ù. → counterfactual statement´Â ³í¸®Ã¶Çп¡¼­ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ³í¶õÀÌ ¸¹´Ù.

b. temperature ÀϹݿ¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾ê±âÇÏÁö ¸»°í ½ÇÁ¦·Î x¿Í Á¢ÃËÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¿Âµµ°è¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­¸¸ ¾ê±âÇÏÀÚ.

→ partial definition.

±×·¯³ª ÀÚ¿¬°íÇÐÀÇ Áø¼úü°è´Â ¿Âµµ ÀϹݿ¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾ê±âÇÏ´Â °Í.

¡Ø Russell öÇÐÀÇ Áø¼úÀº ¹ÝÁõÀÌ µÇ°Å³ª ³íÁõÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í À¯ÇàÀÌ ¹Ù²î´Â °Í.

(ÀÌ·± ³ë·ÂµéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ Çã»ç·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡ÀÚ,) 50³â´ë ¸»¿¡ »õ·Î¿î öÇÐÀÇ paradigmÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇÀÚ ±× ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¸ô¸².

³í¸® ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇ°¡ Àǹ̰ËÁõ·Ð¿¡ ±¹ÇÑµÈ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï°í, ÀÌ ÀÇ¹Ì °ËÁõ·ÐÀ» Åä´ë·Î ¸î°¡Áö these ¸¦ Á¦½Ã.

I) ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ ¹èô ii) ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ À±¸®ÇÐÀÇ ¹èô iii) unified science.

I) ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ ¹èÁ¦.

ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ Áø¼úÀº °æÇèÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼±, °æÇèÀÇ ÇǾȿ¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø¼ú.

³í¸® ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ÀüÁ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÌ·± Áø¼úµéÀº ¹«ÀǹÌ.

Carnap>> À½¾ÇÀûÀÎ ¼ÒÁúÀÌ ÀüÇô¾ø´Â À½¾Ç°¡.

- ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû ¸íÁ¦´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ÁÖ°üÀû ŵµ (À½¾Ç°ú ½Ã¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î)

À½¾Ç°ú ½Ã¿Í ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀº »ç½Ç¿¡ °üÇÑ Áø¼úÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀå.

¿©±â¼­ ³í¸®½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿Í WittgensteinÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ µå·¯³².

 

 

 

<öÇÐ, Áö½ÄÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ÁöÇý>

 

 

 

 

 

 

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